User:Geoboi/Sandbox/Yerevi
| Yerevi | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[ʈiləˈsɐ̂ ʔɒ̂ jʉˈɾɛɡ] | ||||||||||
| Estimated number of speakers | 11.8 million | |||||||||
| Regulating body | ᠭᢈ᠋ᡔᡃᠠᠨᠠᠶᡝᡴ ᢇ᠋ ᡕᡠᠶᡝᠴᠠᠨ᠌ / Gicạnareg ‘A Yẹrehan | |||||||||
Writing System | ||||||||||
Qamaric alphabet | ||||||||||
Norms of linguistic structure | ||||||||||
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Overview
Yerevi (ᡩᡠᢊ᠋ᠠᠯ ᡕᡠᡰᡝ᠌ dɯnħəl jɯɾɛ˦ ), romanized as Dẹnḥal Yẹre̒ (Yeré), is a Kadmaric language spoken in and around Leresso. dɨɳəl jɨɾɛ˧˦
Phonology
| Consonants | Bilabial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m
‹ᠮ› |
n
‹ᠨ› |
ŋ
‹ᢊ› |
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| Plosive | p
‹ᡦ› |
b
‹ᠪ› |
t
‹ᠲ› |
d
‹ᡩ› |
ʈ
‹ᠻ› |
ɖ
‹ᡘ› |
k k͈
‹ᠬ› ‹ᡗ› |
ɡ
‹ᠭ› |
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| Fricative | ɸ
‹ᠹ› |
β
‹ᠶ› |
s
‹ᡄ› |
z
‹ᡅ› |
ʂ
‹ᠼ› |
ʐ
‹ᠽ› |
x
‹ᠰ› |
ɣ
‹ᢢ,᠊ᡴ᠍᠊› |
ħ
‹ᠬ᠋᠊› |
ʕ
‹ᢧ› |
h
‹ᠴ› | |||
| Affricate | t͡s
‹ᡔ› |
d͡z
‹ᡪ› |
ʈ͡ʂ
‹᠊ᢣ› |
ɖ͡ʐ
‹ᢋ› |
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| Approximant | l [ɫ]
‹ᠯ› |
ȷ̊
‹ᢗ› |
j
‹ᡕ› |
w
‹ᡏ› |
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| Tap | ɾ
‹ᡰ› |
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| Consonants | Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex / Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m ‹ᠮ› | n ‹ᠨ› | (ɳ) | ŋ ‹ᢂ› | ||
| Plosive | Voiceless | p ‹ᡦ› | t ‹ᠲ› | (ʈ) | k ‹ᠬ› | |
| Voiced | b ‹ᢂ› | d ‹ᡩ› | (ɖ) | g ‹ᠭ› | ||
| Fricative | voiceless | ɸ ‹ᠹ› | s ‹ᡄ› | x ‹ᢂ› | h ‹ᢂ› | |
| voiced | β ‹ᢂ› | z ‹ᢂ› | ɣ ‹ᢧ› | |||
| Affricate | voiceless | ts ‹ᡔ› | ʈʂ ‹ᢣ› | |||
| voiced | ɖʐ ‹ᢋ› | |||||
| Approximant | voiceless | ȷ̊ ‹ᢗ› | ||||
| voiced | (β̞) | l ‹ᠯ› | j ‹ᡕ› | w ‹ᢂ› | ||
| Rhotic | ɾ ‹ᠶ› | (ɽ) | ||||
Nouns
Yerevi uses a noun class system.
Tones
Yerevi is a tonal language. Tones are only applied on the last syllable’s vowel. They are not written unless the final syllable ends in a vowel. Each vowel has an implied tone at the end of a word, so it’s easy to figure out what words have which tone. If a word does not end in [m n l w j], the implied tone is neutral (Ø˧). If a word ends in [m l w j], the implied tone depends on the letter. If the vowel is [a ạ], the implied tone is still neutral. If the vowel is [e i], the implied tone is high [˧˦]. If the vowel is [o u ẹ], the implied tone is low [˨˩]. The distinctions are clearer in spoken speech than in written Yerevi, since the writing system is extremely old. IF the word ends in [n], which many do, the [n] sound changes depending on the vowel and implied tone. If the preceding vowel is [o u a ạ], the tone is either neutral or low and the [n] is pronounced [ɳ] and written ᢊ. If the preceding vowel is [e i ẹ], the tone is high and the [n] is pronounced [n] and written ᠊ᠨ᠌.
Writing System
Written Yerevi uses a highly complex alphabetic writing system, with distinct initial, medial, and final forms for each letter. There are several exceptions to various final forms of vowels based on the preceding consonant, where the supposed orthographic tone is ignored in favor of a neutral tone.
| VOWELS | Aa /ɑ/ |
Ạạ /ə/ |
Ee /ɛ/ |
Ẹẹ /ɯ/ |
Ii /i/ |
Oo /o/ |
Uu /u/ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isolated | ᠠ | ᠠᡃ | ᡝ | ᡠ | ᢈ | ᠣ | ᡇ | |
| Initial | ᠠ᠊ | ᠠᡃ᠊ | ᠡᡝ᠊ | ᡠ᠊ | ᠡᢈ᠋᠊ | ᠣ᠊ | ᡇ᠊ | |
| Medial | ᠊ᠠ᠊ | ᠊ᡃᠠ᠊ | ᠊ᡝ᠊ | ᠊ᡠ᠊ | ᠊ᢈ᠋᠊ | ᠊ᠣ᠊ | ᠊ᡇ᠊ | |
| Final | High Tone [˧˦] | ᠊ᠠ |
᠊ᡃᠠ | ᠊ᡝᢈ᠋ | ᠊ᡠᢈ᠋ | ᠊ᢈ᠋ᢈ᠋ | ᠊ᠣᢈ᠋ | ᠊ᡇᢈ᠋ |
| Neutral [˧] | ᠊ᡝ | ᠊ᡠ᠌ | ᠊ᡆ | ᠊ᡈ | ||||
| Low Tone [˧˨] | ᠊ᡝ᠌ | ᠊ᡠ | ᠊ᢈ | ᠊ᠣ | ᠊ᡇ | |||
In addition to the Qamaric script, there also exists a Romanish alphabet used for transliteration, known as the Faye Romanization System.
| Qamaric Script | Faye | IPA | Qamaric Script | Faye | IPA | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ᠠ | ᠠ᠊ | ᠊ᠠ᠊ | ᠊ᠠ | A a | [ä] | ᠪ | ᠪ᠊ | ᠊ᠪ᠊ | ᠊ᡋ | B b | [b] |
| ᠡᡃᠠ | ᠡᡃᠠ᠊ | ᠊ᡃᠠ᠊ | ᠊ᡃᠠ | Ȧ ȧ | [ʌ] | ᠮ | ᠮ᠊ | ᠊ᠮ᠊ | ᠊ᠮ | M m | [m] |
| ᠡᡝ | ᠡᡝ᠊ | ᠊ᡝ᠊ | ᠊ᡝ | E e | [e] | ᠯ | ᠯ᠊ | ᠊ᠯ᠊ | ᠊ᠯ | L l | [l] |
| ᠢ | ᡕ᠊ | ᠊ᢈ᠋᠊ | ᠊ᠢ | I i | [i] | ᠲ | ᠲ᠊ | ᠊ᡨ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᡨ | T t | [t] |
| ᠣ | ᠣ᠊ | ᠊ᠣ᠊ | ᠊ᠣ᠋ ᠊ᠣ | O o | [ɔ] | ᡩ | ᡩ᠊ | ᠊ᡃᡨ᠌᠊ ᠊ᡨ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᡨ | D d | [d] |
| ᡠ | ᡠ᠊ | ᠊ᡠ᠊ | ᠊ᡠ᠌ ᠊ᡠ | U u | [ʊ] | ᡔ | ᡔ᠊ | ᠊ᡔ | ts | [ts] | |
| ᠨ | ᠨ᠊ | ᠊ᠨ᠊ | ᠊ᠨ᠌ | N n | [n] | ᢣ | ᢣ | ᠊ᢣ᠊ | ch | [ʈʂ] | |
| ᢊ | ᢊ᠊ | ᠊ᢊ᠋᠊ | ᠊ᢊ | Ꞑ ꞑ | [ŋ] | ᢋ | ᢋ᠊ | ᠊ᢋ᠊ | J j | [ɖʐ] | |
| ᠬ | ᠬ᠊ | ᠊ᠬ᠊ | ᠊ᠬ | K k | [k~q] | ᡪ | ᡶ᠋᠊ | ᠊ᡶ᠋᠊ | ᠊ᡶ᠋ᢈ᠋ ᠊ᡪ | Ẓ ẓ | [ʐ] |
| ᠭ | ᠭ᠊ | ᠊ᠭ᠊ | ᠊ᡴ | G g | [ɡ~ɢ] | ᠶ | ᠶ᠊ | ᠊ᠶ᠊ | ᠊ᠷ | R r | [ɾ] |
| ᡸ
ᢢ |
ᡸ᠊
ᢢ᠊ |
᠊ᡸ᠊
᠊ᡴ᠍᠊ |
᠊ᡸ
᠊ᡴ᠌ |
Q q | [ɣ] | ᡄ | ᡄ᠊ | ᠊ᡄ᠊ | ᠊ᡄ | S s | [s] |
| ᠴ | ᠴ᠊ | ᠊ᠴ᠊ | H h | [h] | ᠽ | ᠽ᠊ | ᠊ᠽ᠊ | Z z | [z] | ||
| ᢉ | ᠬ᠋᠊ | ᠊ᡴ᠌᠊ | Ḥ ḥ | [ħ] | ᡕ | ᡕ᠊ | ᠊ᢈ᠋᠊ | ᠊ᡕ | Y y | [j] | |
| ᡦ | ᡦ᠊ | ᠊ᡦ᠊ | P p | [p] | ᢗ | ᢗ᠊ | ᠊ᢗ᠊ | ᠊ᢗ | 'Y 'y | [ȷ̊] | |
| ᠹ | ᠹ᠊ | ᠊ᠹ᠊ | ᠊ᠹ | F f | [ɸ] | ᡐ | ᡐ᠊ | ᠊ᡐ᠊ | ᠊ᡠ᠌ ᠊ᡏ | W w | [w] |
ᠰᠠᡸᡨ᠌ᠠᢊ᠋ᠠᠠ ᡶ᠋ᡝᠮᠠ ᠮᠠᠯᢈ᠋ᡴ᠌ᠠᠠ ᡶ᠋ᡝᢊ᠋ᠠᠨ᠌ saqdaꞑa jemac̦ maliḩa jeꞑan
Examples
| Ingerish Name | Written Yerevi | Transcription [IPA] |
|---|---|---|
| Aludres | ᠠᠯᡠᡨ᠌ᠶᡝᡄ | |
| Maqanta | ᠮᠠᡴ᠍ᡝᠨᡨ᠌ᠠ | Maqȧnta [ˌmä.ɣʌnˈtä] |
| Layrityan | ᠯᠠᢈ᠋ᠶᢈ᠋ᡨ᠌ᢈ᠋ᠠᢊ | Layridyaƞ [lɑɪ̯ɾidjɑ̄ɳ] |
| Etatono | ᠡᡝᡨ᠌ᠠᡨ᠌ᠣᠨ᠌ | Etatòn [ɛt̬ɑt̬òɳ] |
| Latina | ᠯᡃᠠᡨ᠌ᢈ᠋ᠨᠠ | Lạtinā [lət̬ɪnɑ̄] |
| Iola | ᡕᠣᠯᡃᠠ | Yolạ́ [jolə́] |
| Trevers | ᠲᡰᡝᠶᡝ᠌ | Trevè [tɾɛʋɛ̀] |
| Past | ᢊᡝᡶ᠋ᡝᢊ᠋ᠠᠠ | ᢊᡝᠬᢈ᠋ᠭᡝ
ꞑekige |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Perfect present | ᡶ᠋ᡝᢊ᠋ᠠᡄ
jeꞑas |
ᠬᢈ᠋ᠭᡝᡄ
kiges |
|
| Habitual present | ᡶ᠋ᡝᢊ᠋ᠠᠨ᠌
jeꞑan |
ᠬᢈ᠋ᠭᡝᠨ᠌
kigen |
|
| Future | ᡶ᠋ᡝᢊ᠋ᡝᡏ
jeꞑạw |
ᠬᢈ᠋ᠭᡃᠠᡏ
kigạw |
Diaspora
Outside of Leresso, Yerevi is rarely learned by those not a part of the Yerevi Diaspora community. In fact, the language is so concentrated within the country that dialects rarely vary from the standard language more than sound shifts.
On The Map
| Ingerish | Yerevi (written) | Yerevi (Faye) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| road, street, etc. | ᡕᠠᡴ᠌ᠠᡄ | yaḥas | Abbreviated to "ᡕᡴ᠌ᡄ" |
| port, harbor | ᠨᢈ᠋ᠴᠠᡔᠠᠹ | nihatsaf | |