User:Leowezy/Dictionary
Main Word Database
Nouns
| Kojoshi | Ingerish 1 | Ingerish 2 | Ingerish 3 | Ingerish 4 | Ingerish 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | |||||
| acchōfu | government | executive | |||
| aekko | draft | sketch | |||
| aékkwe | annex (building) | ||||
| aenkaiwe | stadium | ||||
| aenlai | aircraft (K, R) | ||||
| aentágyu | forest (area) | ||||
| aentē | forest | R.I.: forest biotope | |||
| a'éropō | airport | ||||
| ajji | next station | ||||
| aki | glas | ||||
| akken | insurance | ||||
| alfya | class | category | |||
| alshokku | breakfast (K) | ||||
| alshū | morning | ||||
| alshūs | morning (archaic) | ||||
| altífōwe | archive | ||||
| am | rain | ||||
| amha | summer (T, K) | ||||
| amrong | castle built on top of a ridge or hill | ||||
| ánal | analysis | ||||
| arem | sun | ||||
| arhazi | first station | ||||
| arihang | archery | ||||
| ashkal | world (T, K) | ||||
| ashkan | work | service | |||
| ashkínoe | autumn (T, K) | ||||
| assol | union (not labour unions) | ||||
| atel'ye | atelier | studio | |||
| atom | atom | ||||
| atómiwe | police station | ||||
| atóm'yi | police | ||||
| ātsu | coal | ||||
| áyunki | trait | specific characteristic | |||
| azaggu | nation | ||||
| B | |||||
| baélzi | last station | direction of a train | |||
| balgafáchūm | prosperity | control | |||
| bálkon | balcony | ||||
| Bánakin | army (military) | ||||
| bappoeregwol | proceeding (K) | process (K) | provision (clause that offers exception to a law) (R) | ||
| beta | bed | ||||
| Bikkimolno-Dyangfuē | zoological garden | ||||
| búbue | intramuros | area of a settlement inside its (historic) fortification | |||
| buéro | city office/department | ||||
| Būmal | equiv. Of a Bachelor's degree | ||||
| buntamshan | civilisation | ||||
| byaolang | show | performance | |||
| byoengwe | hospital | ||||
| C | |||||
| chai | page | sheet | |||
| chákkoe | fort | citadelle | |||
| champyonsaē | waterway | ||||
| chaltagituka | engineering | ||||
| cheryu | white | ||||
| chigai | art | ||||
| cho | forest (place names) | ||||
| choria | tanning | ||||
| chóntse | opportunity (R) | option to do sth. (R) | |||
| chúju | fluency | ||||
| D | |||||
| Daebi | brother (T) | ||||
| Dáhano | Administration | ||||
| darasushan | age | era | |||
| dattarān | supreme court | ||||
| dekkika | medicine (subject, profession) | ||||
| denching | telecommunication | ||||
| denkan | telephone box | ||||
| densoi | telephone | ||||
| der | hand | ||||
| díchi | geology | ||||
| dígwansol | diplomatic mission | embassy staff | |||
| dizain | design, layout, brand | ||||
| do | point | ||||
| dómaen | discipline | field of study/work | |||
| duére | executive order | directive | |||
| E | |||||
| efoengzon | quarry | pit | opencast mine | ||
| ekkaem | view point | ||||
| ekoka | economics (field of research) | ||||
| engshō | weather (K, R) | climate (K, R) | |||
| éshkim | fencing | ||||
| esshae | war (T, K) | battle (T, K) | |||
| F | |||||
| faeryelkayōnshi | prolongment (spatial) | extension (spatial) | |||
| fan’goel | place of work | ||||
| fan’gwo | laboratory | ||||
| fármasi | pharmacy (T, K) | ||||
| filósofya | philosophy | ||||
| fúkaido | frequency | ||||
| fōbal (lui) | (for) example | ||||
| foeton | freight | ||||
| Forsamé | armed forces | ||||
| fóski | gold | ||||
| G | |||||
| gafamdoen | duty | task | function | ||
| gaku | music performance (K) | making music (R) | music (studies) | ||
| gangmi | ocean | ||||
| gántsu | treasure | ||||
| gáronti | guarantee (R) | responsibility for correctness (R) | |||
| gekkwae | theatre | ||||
| gikka | natural sciences | physics, chemistry and biology | |||
| Gimbye kōfogótsu | Motorway (in Kojo) | ||||
| gíntai | output | performance | accomplishment | ||
| gipun | science (broad) | ||||
| gisshae | night (K) | time between sunset and sunrise (R) | |||
| Gnainye | title of senior member of Symvanist clergy | ||||
| góbal | allowance | flat-rate | |||
| gōf | golf | ||||
| gólbainshin | devotion | dedication | |||
| gōsaei | region | large area | |||
| gōsaeidaran | regional court | ||||
| góuwushenzóngwe | shopping mall | ||||
| gukyaei | building (R) | object (R) | property (R) | ||
| Guóhuwei-Kenzai | botanical garden | ||||
| gúwan | town square | place | |||
| H | |||||
| hael’yéron | qualification | eligibilty | competence | meeting a required criterion | |
| Hainye | father (K) | ||||
| halfān | neighbour | ||||
| hakkāyue | issue | matter | affair | ||
| hakke | convention | assembly | |||
| hakkedan | parliamentary group | party faction | |||
| halim | leaf | ||||
| hāmaeltai | municipality | ||||
| han'gara | technology | ||||
| harkai | tax | ||||
| hatsarātai | (human) society | community | |||
| hayelichē | suspension railway | ||||
| hīmchi | basis | fundament | |||
| hipparā | construction site (T, K) | ||||
| hōfi | valley | ||||
| hōkengdō | career | ||||
| hōsol | job vacancy | empty post | |||
| hudin | wine | ||||
| hulo | tunnel | ||||
| hún'gō | shipfare | shipping | |||
| hunraku | department store | ||||
| hyeng | rail | platform | |||
| hyenglai | train | ||||
| hyengmang | railyard | train parking space | |||
| hyengjo | railyard | railway maintenance facility | |||
| hyosil | office | (blue-collar) work place | |||
| I | |||||
| icchisho | arrivals | ||||
| icchoetsōno | immigration | ||||
| igaengchi | relationship (between countries, companies…) | ||||
| ikko | entrance | ||||
| ilza | book | ||||
| imre | salary | pay (private sector) | wage | ||
| indásu | industry | ||||
| Ingli | sister (T) | ||||
| ingyoe | content | ||||
| ishkel | control | ||||
| J | |||||
| jadu | plum (fruit) | ||||
| jae | evening | ||||
| jaei | land | soil | earth's surface | ||
| jaeikol | runway (airfare) | ||||
| jaeyosohyoel | land reclamation | ||||
| jam | hour (interval) | ||||
| jan | wheel | ||||
| jer | evening (archaic) | ||||
| jessu | spring (K) | ||||
| jil | tooth | ||||
| Jōbunhakke | people's convention (Kojolese parliament) | ||||
| jōbunittai | petition | people's input | |||
| jonjí | emergency | ||||
| jonjí-Ittonisói | emergency room (hospital) | ||||
| ju (jur) | water (T) | drinking water (K) | body of water (T) | sewage or clean pipe water (R) | |
| jugwo | waterworks | sewage treatment plant | |||
| K | |||||
| kábunjowe | stock exchange | ||||
| kaengdo | density | ||||
| kágaldosim | inner city | ||||
| kaiyan | campus | ||||
| karetaki | stone age | ||||
| kassul | capital city (T, K) | ||||
| katu | terrace | ||||
| kázen | casern | barracks | |||
| kikai | opportunity (K) | chance (K) | |||
| koémangchiwe | market hall | ||||
| kōfeibunwe | city/town hall | ||||
| kōfojessizi | rest area | motorway station | |||
| kógalwe | (tv) studio | ||||
| kóha | hut | small house | |||
| kojōken | allotment garden | garden colony | |||
| kókke | council | ||||
| kokkyō | border | ||||
| kónfaero | conference | ||||
| kóntsuridíso | construction site (R) | site (R) | |||
| kōuetamolno | deli (R) | ||||
| kowe | grave (arch.) | burial site (arch.) | |||
| kúriyé | Postal service | ||||
| kuttuem | custom (cultural) | ||||
| Kwachae | woman (K) | ||||
| kwang | monastery | ||||
| kyakkai | cooperative | cooperation | |||
| kyamulwe | ferry house | ||||
| kyanbun | (private) agency | ||||
| kyanfā | (national government) agency | ||||
| L | |||||
| láfontāsh | advantage | ||||
| laidō | road, street (R) | ||||
| lánche | insect (R) | ||||
| lettore | letter | ||||
| lezí | population | inhabitants | |||
| líchi | lake | ||||
| lishi | history | ||||
| loeggwi | fire | ||||
| loekkwiman | fire station | ||||
| loen | core | ||||
| logishtikku | logistics | ||||
| lózipō | sport airfield | leisure airport | |||
| lū | light | brightness | |||
| luchano | tourist | visitor | |||
| lūshiwe | cinema (K, R) | ||||
| lūzáitaiwe | film studio | ||||
| luwa | law | ||||
| M | |||||
| mā | human | ||||
| maeil | |||||
| maekkisho | departure | ||||
| maekkoetsōno | emigration | ||||
| Maekkyosil | Prefect | ||||
| Maekkyosilfā | Office of the Prefect | ||||
| maēro | labyrinth | hedge maze | |||
| maltyam | march | parade | |||
| Mama | mother (T) | mum (T) | |||
| man'gwo | power plant | ||||
| mankai | competition | ||||
| marīchon | training | ||||
| Máyol | mother (K) | ||||
| méishī | deli food (T, K) | ||||
| mekí | mosque | ||||
| milītaeryu | military | ||||
| miren | partner (so. who shares a common interest) | ||||
| mish | fish (animal) (T, K) | fish (food) (T) | |||
| mítom | part-time job | ||||
| moēbael | (custom) furniture (K) | moveables (K) | |||
| moeta | horizon (T, K) | outlook (K) | |||
| mokkal | time of day (K, R) | ||||
| Muógwae | devil | satan | |||
| myeru | the state | type of government/political system | |||
| N | |||||
| nafahang | harbour (T, K) | ||||
| nagarasha | (university) student | ||||
| nain | mountain | ||||
| nakkōzi | prior station | ||||
| nálnūm | last name (lit.: chosen name) | ||||
| néruka | present | ||||
| netsū | (river) shore | (river) bank | |||
| nihoelwe | lighthouse | ||||
| nil | water well | ||||
| noé | node (R) | ||||
| nomi | map | ||||
| O | |||||
| Ochae | man (K) | ||||
| Óduekin | air force (milit.) | ||||
| oezónkai | festival (usually religious) (K) | ||||
| Ófal | egg | oval | |||
| Olkasha | Professor | ||||
| Ōkarong | equiv. of a PhD/doctoral degree | ||||
| okkong | contract (R) | treaty (R) | |||
| ómpessha | disabled person | ||||
| Ōnagara | University | ||||
| oshoeng | public | ||||
| osodōchiti | reference number | ||||
| osoingamsói | responsibility | ||||
| osofaé | cruise | ||||
| osofaélai | cruise ship | ||||
| osómaei | renumeration | pay-grade (state officials) | |||
| osozal | copy (T, K) | duplication (T, K) | |||
| otash | display (K, R) | exhibit (K, R) | |||
| P | |||||
| pacchan | rice (grown in flooded paddies) | ||||
| pahanjī | requirement | ||||
| pāng | glory | ||||
| Papa | father (T) | dad (T) | |||
| párfo | perfume | fragrance | |||
| párlekai | parliament (generic term) | ||||
| pashkil | foundation | trust | endowment | ||
| patsū | proof | ||||
| Paushil | navy (milit.) | ||||
| pautang | harbour (T) | landing stage (T) | |||
| payata | shoe | ||||
| pecchi | pet (T) | ||||
| pelgwo | resource | ||||
| pishki | fish (animal) (R) | ||||
| pitōn | festival (T) | ||||
| pilge | trade guild | ||||
| pyuesan | (Institutional) power, might | ||||
| R | |||||
| raén | Queen (historic title in western Kojo | ||||
| raito | web application | online-plattform | |||
| rajaen’gyo | strategy | ||||
| rakuotashwe | pharmacy (R) | ||||
| raribawe | water park | swimming pool for playing | |||
| rarizai | theme park | ||||
| refāgyu | unit inside a ministry | field of expertise inside an organisation | |||
| reggyadum | management | managing | |||
| rénle | bird | ||||
| ressoróng | restaurant | ||||
| rézo | network | ||||
| ríkin | research | ||||
| rízai | mind (T, K) | brain (metaphorically) (T, K) | |||
| rinin | personell | ||||
| roélijon | religion | ||||
| roen‘giésh | expertise | practically aquired knowledge | |||
| Rōka | equiv. of a (non-consecutive) Master's degree | ||||
| S | |||||
| saeffusói | continuation | sequel | |||
| saekkai | parliamentary (standing) committee | ||||
| sagwana | fish (food) (K, R) | ||||
| sākal | circle (T, K) | ring (T, K) | |||
| sāmahando | constitution | ||||
| senka | subject (at uni) | ||||
| senpā | room | chamber | |||
| sēzu | politics | policy (general strategy, not specific law) | |||
| shaekoto | minimum | ||||
| shaetado | maximum | ||||
| shataei | certificate | ||||
| shil | heart (T, K) | ||||
| shínchopō | (Kojolese) constitution | ||||
| shíyubi | defense | ||||
| shóukai | (trade) fair | ||||
| showaeng | property (R) | ||||
| showugan | museum | ||||
| shúshae | mathematics | ||||
| simitachi | cemetery | ||||
| sín | cinema (T) | ||||
| sochizággai | overseas | foreign lands | |||
| soelsha | sister (K, R) | ||||
| sogwosoi | surrounding | environment | |||
| solkai | club | chamber | |||
| sul'apétawe | town/city hall | ||||
| sulchae | city (R) | town (R) | |||
| T | |||||
| tácham | flood | ||||
| taē | (planet) earth | ||||
| taechi | cross | ||||
| taechikyō | christianity | christian church (denomination, community) | |||
| taechisūsha | christians | ||||
| taedo | cross-section | intersection | |||
| taekkwi | corner | nook | |||
| taéte | treaty (K) | contract (K) | |||
| taigi | sport | ||||
| táikomi | hope | good outlook | |||
| tákoechiwe | wholesale | central market | |||
| tanī | family (T, K) | ||||
| tasha | landscape | ||||
| tau | daytime (K, R) | day (T) | |||
| tilan | (string of) number (s) | ||||
| tepol | pottery | ceramic work | clay work | ||
| tesan | view(point) | sight | perspective | (contentual) standpoint | |
| tokkyaen | town (place names) | ||||
| tokkyaenbu | type of medieval city wall | ||||
| tom | (public transport) ticket | ||||
| Tónsae | brother (K, R) | ||||
| tsukikae | replacement (T, K) | ||||
| tsumri | winter (K) | ||||
| tsungbon | culture | ||||
| tsuri | flower | ||||
| tyanhā | canal | ||||
| U | |||||
| uelchae | village (R) | ||||
| uelfā | service (municipal agency on the regional level) | ||||
| uénki | territory | ||||
| ufobal | timetable (transportation) | ||||
| ugóbawe | swimming pool for excercise/sport | ||||
| uimtan | question (K) | inquiry (K) | |||
| umki | general characteristic (R) | quality (R) | |||
| uzam | energy (power network) | ||||
| W | |||||
| wamzudamolno | spatial planning | ||||
| waken | garden | small plantation | |||
| weiwe | prison | ||||
| wimdai | commerce | ||||
| woke | arm | limb | |||
| wokkwe | elongated building | ||||
| wolorel | scroll (paper, writing) | Literature (studies) | |||
| wúhakkai | organisation (R) | association (R) | |||
| Y | |||||
| yaecchu | spring (T) | ||||
| yaélai | bicycle (T, K) | ||||
| yaesshang’gwol | (job) benefit | bonus | additional perk | ||
| yeltain | traffic (supply) (K, R) | transport (supply) (K, R) | |||
| yera | dream | ||||
| yerantsu | bliss | fortune | luck | ||
| yētekel | language | ||||
| yilchúmi | interest | concern | need | ||
| yinfa | colour | ||||
| yultai | (natural) environment | ||||
| yuralchēgwin’gwae | idiosyncrasy | quirk | distinctive attribute | ||
| Z | |||||
| zággaitsol | country | nation | |||
| Zangákka | equiv. of a (consecutive) Master's degree | ||||
| zan’ne | day (24 hours) (K, R) | ||||
| zaráng | heritage | ||||
| zenbawe | spa | onsen | swimming pool for relaxation | ||
| zensho | grammar | ||||
| zēsayin | (border) customs | ||||
| zibbu | department | subsection of a company/public authority | |||
| zika | horse | ||||
| zō | victim (T, K) | ||||
| zoukain | art | ||||
| zoggwaran | synagogue | ||||
| zueshóukai | (trade) fair |
Verbs
| Kojoshi | Ingerish 1 | Ingerish 2 | Ingerish 3 | Ingerish 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | ||||
| amshu | to begin doing something (K, R) | to take office (K, R) | ||
| amyu | to rain | rain | ||
| anályu | to analyse | |||
| aru | to be (K) | to exist somewhere (K) | ||
| azelu | to say (T) | to chat (T) | to talk (T) | |
| B | ||||
| báinku | to deserve | to earn | ||
| byoeltsu | to kill (T, K) | |||
| byumu | to sleep (K) | |||
| C | ||||
| chelnu | to offer | to be available | ||
| chuemu | to protext (from sth.) | |||
| D | ||||
| dashkalgaelu | to classify | to put into | to categorize | to move sth. into sth. |
| dashu | to plan | |||
| díraeu | to think (K) | to believe (K) | to suppose (K) | to guess (K) |
| dochu | to come (T) | |||
| dōchu | to come (K) | |||
| donu | to take (at once original position) (K, R) | |||
| E | ||||
| elpyaenfu | to lead | to guide | to exercise control over | |
| enkēlu | to fall/die in war | |||
| etadorau | to be committed to sth. | to put effort into sth. | ||
| F | ||||
| fólkaishu | to warmly receive, to welcome | |||
| fuézyadu | to shoot (a gun) | |||
| fúshu | to do | to work on a job (old fashioned) | ||
| G | ||||
| gafaemu | to work on (K) | to treat (K) | ||
| gamu | to (go and) take (at a different position) (K, R) | to take (T) | ||
| gyinelu | to buy (T) | |||
| gwoshu | to be called | to carry a name or designation | ||
| gyunyu | to move (permanent, like moving house, shift a chance, change school) | |||
| H | ||||
| hayelu | to fly | |||
| haznuelu | to reach | |||
| hoshtanu | to care (for a sick person, child) | to treat someone (medically) | to lead onto the right path | |
| hyoelminkau | to inhabit | |||
| I | ||||
| icchalu | to send (in) | |||
| icchonkwaeyu | to send (in) | |||
| igaengchishu | to be concentrated | to be cumulated | to be pooled | |
| ikkontsuru | to incorporate | to build in | ||
| imkaibu | to coordinate sth. (K) | to collaborate with so. (K) | ||
| ingamu | to say (K) | to talk (K) | to speak (K) | |
| ishu | to hear | |||
| J | ||||
| jessu | to rest | |||
| jijiyaeng'u | to trade | |||
| jottu | to give (T) | |||
| K | ||||
| kamfu | to transport | |||
| kanglu | to stop | |||
| katarelu | to perform (artistic) | to act | ||
| kokkyōshu | to border sth. | |||
| kóntitueyu | to consist of | |||
| kóntsuru | to build (K) | to do construction work (K) | ||
| ku | to be (descriptive) (T, K) | |||
| kyabau | to coordinate with so. | |||
| L | ||||
| laébumru | to live | |||
| laébumwe | residence | residential building | ||
| lishi | history | |||
| lusunu | to take a picture | |||
| M | ||||
| maekkafaemu | to develop | |||
| maekkalu | to send (out) | |||
| maekkigyunyu | to move house (non-specific if move to or away from adressant) | to relocate | ||
| marzu | to train | to practice in an organised manner | ||
| mijilinlu | to be interested in sth. | |||
| mishu | to buy (K, R) | |||
| myeku | to bake | |||
| N | ||||
| nalkyu | to choose | |||
| nambu | to be (R) | to exist somewhere (R) | ||
| O | ||||
| odamishu | ||||
| odamishu | to sell (K) | |||
| ongkwoéshu | to interact | |||
| oetsōmu | to migrate | |||
| ontérinu | to agree to sth. (K, R) | to accept sth. (K, R) | ||
| osoaku | to represent | |||
| osoingamu | to be responsible | |||
| otamishu | to distribute (R) | |||
| otasu | to sell (R) | |||
| otazelu | to offer (K) | |||
| P | ||||
| paku | to lay | |||
| pettelchu | to rotate | |||
| pizu | to sit | |||
| pyáfu | to rise | to get up | ||
| pyegifu | to disuse | to take out of service | ||
| R | ||||
| ralnu | to write (R) | |||
| raru | to play | to spend leisure time | ||
| roenglanzu | to spread (R) | to be transmitted (germs etc.) (R) | ||
| rosshu | to own (rightfully) (R) | to be the owner of sth. (R) | ||
| S | ||||
| saeffushu | to continue sth. | to go on with sth. | ||
| settainōku | to make available | to provide | ||
| shárukanyaelu | to protect | to preserve | ||
| shōtalju | to embrace | to appreciate | to encourage | |
| showaengshu | to own (factually) (R) | to control an asset (R) | to encourage (R) | |
| sowenlu | to teach | |||
| soworu | to learn | |||
| T | ||||
| tamtsu | to think (both process and 'to think, that…') (T) | to believe (T) | to ponder (T) | |
| tamtsu’u | to think (mind-process, not 'to believe sth.') (K) | to contemplate (K) | ||
| tuekau | to open sth. (T.I., K.I.) | to open sth. to public use (R.I.) | ||
| toidaebu | to blossom | |||
| U | ||||
| uetau | to eat | |||
| umkishu | to mark (K, R) | to be characteristic of (K, R) | ||
| umsolgu | to apply (for a job) (K, R) | |||
| W | ||||
| wálu | to run | |||
| wámdau | to plan (K) | |||
| wesshu | to contact (K) | |||
| Y | ||||
| yaeshitteru | to advance sth. | to spread sth. | to promote sth. | |
| yaeshkou | to advance | to rise into | to be promoted | to ascent |
| yuku | to go (K) | to move by foot (K) | ||
| Z | ||||
| zoékau | to maintain | to upkeep | ||
| zádang’u | to stem from | to date from |
Adjectives
| Kojoshi | Ingerish 1 | Ingerish 2 | Ingerish 3 | Ingerish 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | ||||
| aku | south | |||
| anályumfel | analythical | |||
| asaso | (the) only | (the) sole | ||
| asaso | unique | one of a kind | ||
| B | ||||
| bang | low | subordinate | ||
| buēzu | always (T) | all the time (T) | ||
| būezu | constant (R) | enduring (R) | ||
| bojōaeng | proficient | to be skilful at | ||
| C | ||||
| chidoe | physical | material | ||
| choewal | equestrian (K, R) | |||
| D | ||||
| dehal | difficult | |||
| dōdaeki | regional | |||
| dyong | east | |||
| E | ||||
| ébolpang | advanced | developed | sophisticated | |
| émino | outstanding (R) | eminent (R) | ||
| F | ||||
| fīngal | warm (physical and emotional) | |||
| G | ||||
| gaggwoelbunreisūka | equitable | |||
| genji | local | in a small area | ||
| H | ||||
| haelgyazó | normal | common | usual | |
| haerū | far | distant | ||
| haingbue | available at a low cost (K) | discounted (K) | ||
| humenyamin | amber (K) | |||
| hotai | gross (finance) | |||
| hóti | close | near | ||
| I | ||||
| ikaldon | dense | seamless | ||
| izal | free (spiritual, archaic) | |||
| J | ||||
| jarinum | temporary | |||
| jeangba | busy | |||
| jōnael | elevated | |||
| K | ||||
| kágal | inner | |||
| kámpō | voluntarily | |||
| kaná | green | |||
| kera | friendly | compassionate | helpful | |
| kibō | north | |||
| kifaimdōdaeki | stretegic | |||
| komkosa | thematically wide | varied | ||
| kōng | deep | |||
| kyanbue | inhouse | internal | inside an agency/company | |
| L | ||||
| liba | free (physical) | open (to choose) | mobile | |
| limbē | west | |||
| lomsa | more (countable) (K, R) | |||
| M | ||||
| maecchaē | great (K) | large (K) | important (K) | |
| maéi | beautiful (K) | visually pleasing (K) | ||
| maelduoen | call for tenderopen bidding | advertisement | ||
| maggitā | nacre-coloured | |||
| mashkal | special | out of the ordinary the way sth. Is (qualitative) | ||
| mezna | private (K) | not open to the public (K) | ||
| mijizággai | international | |||
| miryoku | attractive (K) | appealing (K) | ||
| munchipal | municipal | |||
| N | ||||
| nagai | long (time and space) (K) | |||
| nói | sweet (taste) | |||
| nyū | dark | |||
| O | ||||
| onlain | online | |||
| osují | favourite | |||
| P | ||||
| pacchi | wet (fields, land) | |||
| pai | bright (light) | |||
| pal | brown | |||
| R | ||||
| rádyal | radial | |||
| rapí | rapid | reacting quickly | ||
| raiyuē | highly (K, R) | strongly (K, R) | to a large degree (K, R) | |
| S | ||||
| sekkain | tangential | |||
| shim | fast (T) | quick (T) | rapid (K) | |
| shol | young | |||
| shotten | hard | |||
| sochizággai | foreign | of/from a different country | ||
| song | very | |||
| sumaron | underwater (R) | submarine (R) | ||
| supaéfi | special | noteworthy | outstanding in importance/size/amount… (quantitative) | |
| T | ||||
| taechikyomsol | christian | |||
| toicho | all (T) | all (very strong) (K) | ||
| tossal | clear | distinct | pronounced | |
| U | ||||
| uítai | valid (K) | durable until (R) | ||
| umkinku | constant (R) | enduring (R) | characteristically (R) | |
| ungsō | calm (T, K) | peaceful (T, K) | ||
| W | ||||
| walmaen | simple | common | ||
| weng | wet | |||
| Y | ||||
| yelka | long (time or space) (T) | long (space) (R) | ||
| yemen | outer | |||
| yingmál | healthy | |||
| Z | ||||
| zággai | national | |||
| zóngmo | important (R) | to be considered (R) | to play an important role (R) |
Place names in Bai Script
| Ingerish | Kojoshi (Romantian script) | Kojoshi (Bai script) | Meaning | Izaki Reading |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uletha | Uleta | - | ||
| Axian Pensinular | Kottsōchi | - | ||
| Kojo | 夫国 | husband/emperor - country (referencing the unifier of Kojo, Surb Rēkku, and his wife) | Tohtaskas (replaced by "Kojō" in modern times) | |
| Pyeokchin | Dyokkuen | 東帝 | east - empire | - |
| Izaland | - | |||
| UL30c | 妃国 | empress - country (referencing Surb Rēkku's wife home nation) | - | |
| Ingrea | Dyandoesha | |||
| Pyingshum | 平京 | peace - capital | Makksuba (replaced by "Pīnshūn" in modern times) | |
| Finkyáse | 金潮塞 | gold - tide/chance - dam/fort | Kinchōsai (replaced by "Finkyase" in modern times) | |
| Kippa | 木場 | wood - (market) place | Mukujān (replaced by "Kippa" in modern times) | |
| Jaka | 蛇河 | serpent - river | Zhakau | |
| Yoyomi | 四方見 | four - direction - view | Shipōken (replaced by "Yoyomi" in modern times) | |
| Busakyueng | 霧叉君 | fog - road fork - ruler | Mushakun | |
| Womenlū | ||||
| Kwaengdō | 公湾道 | public - harbour - route | Kōhandō | |
| Wenzū | 院湯 | palace - (bath) place | Wintān | |
| Nároggul | Narogul | |||
| Ro | Rō | |||
| Zúkshi (Fóskiman h.) | Zukkshi | |||
| Leshfyomi-sul | Leshihomi-ken | |||
| Tamrong | Tanlōn | |||
| Formajiá | Formajā | |||
| Tinglyū | Tīnlyū | |||
| Unzai | Unðai | |||
| Rajjihaim | Razhihan | |||
| Shangmē | Shānmē | |||
| Zúkshi (Cheryuman h.) | Zukkshi | |||
| Makalasueng | Makalaswēn | |||
Pronouns
Pronouns differ depending on the register used. The degree of nuancedness varies depending on the register, and some pronouns have different meanings in different registers despite being spelled and pronounced the same way. Especially in Tanōikishi, pronouns are frequently omitted.
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Dates and Astronomy
Months
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Days of the week
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Solar System
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Ethmology: py = Pyilser, nh = Nihonese, ax = Franquese, o = other
Numerals
Numerals in Kojoshi retain a certain stem, and their ending changes depending on what grammatical purpose they serve. Often these endings look similar to the particle with a similar function, although there are many exceptions and irregularities.
When forming large compound numbers, all numerals stay in their standard form and only the last numeral indicates the grammatical function, with 11 and 12 forming exceptions. Particle clusters have to be avoided with numerals. If for example one wants to say "(the item) on the fifth (rank of the shelf)", the particle ending for ~th and "of" would not merge, but instead the lowest tier of information (here the ordinal ~th part) is conveyed in the ending of the numeral, and the other particles are attached after that in their standard form, forming "hile de". Note that these situations usually only occur when the sentences are extremely shortened and all already mentioned information is omitted, as the long form would be "SHELF so hile RANK de".
| Ingerish | Standard name of number itself, counting, money |
Quantifier ("so") 5 dogs, 7 years, 10 degrees |
Ordinal number The 5th row |
Fractions a third |
Year Usually other time particles following |
Day Day of the month, sim. to ord. number |
-ary primary, secondary, tertiary... |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ara | aso | ale | atali | purímaē | ||
| 2 | yaéra | yaésso | yaére | yaettali | sékondaē | ||
| 3 | yúra | yússo | yúre | yuttali | yússodo | ||
| 4 | chura | chuso | chule | chutari | kwátenaē | ||
| 5 | hira | hizo | hile | hitari | kínaē | ||
| 6 | wera | weso | wele | wetari | sénaē | ||
| 7 | yota | yotso | yose | yōdari | yotsodo | ||
| 8 | utta | uttso | usse | uttari | uttsodo | ||
| 9 | inya | inso | inle | indari | insodo | ||
| 10 | tén | ténso | ténle | tettari | ténsodo | ||
| 11 | tárea | táreso | tárele | táratáli | |||
| 12 | tyáera | tyáso | tyáre | tyaettari | |||
| 13 | chén-yúra | chén-yússo | chén-yúre | ||||
| 14 | chén-chura | chén-chuso | chén-chule | ||||
| 20 | yaé-cchén | yaé-cchénso | yaé-cchénle | ||||
| 21 | yaé-cchén-ara | yaé-cchén-aso | yaé-cchén-ale | ||||
| 30 | yúra-cchen | yúra-cchenso | yúra-cchénle | ||||
| 40 | chura-cchen | chura-cchenso | chura-cchénle | ||||
| 100 | tōku | tōkuso | tōkure | ||||
| 123 | tōku-yaé-cchén-yúra | tōku-yaé-cchén-yússo | |||||
| 1,000 | kau | kazo | kalu | ||||
| 1,123 | Kau-tōku-yaé-cchén-yúra | Kau-tōku-yaé-cchén-yússo | |||||
| 10,000 | tén-kau | tén-kazo | |||||
| 126,000 | tōku-yaé-cchén-wera-kau | tōku-yaé-cchén-wera-kazo | |||||
| 1,000,000 | rifilem | rifilso | rifile |
Particles
Particles mark the role of a word or clause in a sentence. Unlike affixes, they are used for a wide range of grammatical (as opposed to contentual) functions and are separated from the word they follow by a space. Particle usage depends heavily on the registry: in Tanōikishi and Kēikishi, a lesser number of particles with a broader range of meanings each are used, or omitted when clear from context. Rikaikishi however demands command over a much more nuanced set of particles, which also cannot be omitted by speaker's choice. As a result, the same particle can carry different meanings depending on the registry. The tables below lay out the most nuanced set of particles' functions, for the Rikaikishi registry.
Case
| Particle | Function | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| ta / da | Topic (the thing the sentence is about). Topic is assumed to be the subject unless marked by other particles. | |
| fa | Subject (the thing that "is" or "does"). | Is frequently omitted, especially in spoken language. |
| sum | Direkt object (the thing that is directly affected by an action). | |
| ki | Indirekt object (the thing that is indirectly affected by the action). For most cases there are more distinct particles. | Is used in R.I. if the proper particle is unknown, e.g. not enough context, or to put specific emphasis on the fact that something is INdirectly affected (e.g. although it is not present). Can replace most indirect object markers in T.I. and K.I. |
| dash | To be known or called as something, consisting or being made up of some things or material, to be different by an amount. | Also classified as a sentence ending marker. |
| PH | Doing something with something, using something as an instrumental for an aim. |
Connection
| Particle | Function | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| so | Possession or subordination, also metaphorically. Uncle's house, cellar of the building, shape of the cloud, leaf-colour. | |
| ko | Equal and complete and. Two or more words or clauses are combined and seen as one grammatical unit. | |
| fā | Equal and incomplete and. Two or more words or clauses are combined and seen as one grammatical unit. | |
| mi | Subordinating and, or with. Two or more words or clauses are combined and seen as one grammatical unit. The word before the marker is the accompanying part. | |
| kyam | Inclusive or. Statement is true if at least one of the conditions is true. | |
| koffyaem | Exclusive or, XOR. Statement is true if one and only one of the conditions is true. |
When listing more than two marked words or clauses, they can be separated by a comma and only the last instance of the particle is spelled out.
Comparing and Quantifying
| Particle | Function | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| gwol | Something is same as or equal to something in quality or quantity. | |
| ayel | Something is not same as or unequal to something in quality or quantity. | Can also be expressed with gwol and negation of the verb. |
| PH | Something is similar to something in quality or quantity. | One of few particles only acceptable in T.I. and K.I. |
| pakash | Less than something. | |
| afel | More than something. | |
| pa | Relativises an amount per something. | |
| PH | Uncertainty about an exact amount, ca.. |
Time
| Particle | Function | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| gae | When, in a year, at a point in time. | When used with years, the -tali or -tari and gea contracts to -taring or -taling. |
| anshue | Before a point in time. | |
| yéri | After a point in time. | |
| zuma | For a duration. | |
| hyeto | Since a point in time, from a point in time on. | |
| cho | Until a point in time. | |
| wazū | While something happend, during something. | |
| p |
Location
| Particle | Function | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| bue | In(side) of something. | |
| sochi | Outside of something. | Also used as a productive prefix. |
| aéku | At or next to something, usually a point. | |
| hakki | At or next to something, usually a line or area. | |
| abu | Above | |
| de | On something, i.e. above and in contact. | |
| takyoe | Below | |
| PH | Underneath something, i.e. below and in contact. | |
| máre | Infront of something from the viewer's perspective, i.e. between the something and the viewer. | Replaces PH in T.I. and K.I. |
| PH | Infront of something from the reference object's perspective, i.e. on the front side of the object. | |
| hintā | Behind something from the viewer's perspective, i.e. the reference object blocks the viewer's view. | |
| yete | Behind of something from the reference object's perspective, i.e. on the back side of the object. | |
| mijae | (in)between | |
| p |
Direction
| Particle | Function | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| re | Movement or direction of subject towards something. | |
| al | Movement or direction of subject (away) from something. | |
| hyuém | Movement or direction of object towards something. | |
| sinka | Movement or direction of object (away) from something. | |
| jung | Into something | |
| goel | Out of something | |
| bizal | Through, via. | Can sometimes be used interchangeably with PH (instrumental with). |
Condition
| Particle | Function | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| chú / shú | Likely if | If it rains, I will... |
| baerē | Unlikely if | If it rained, I would... |
| nyuel | Theoretical, impossible if | If it had rained, I would have... |
Causal
| Particle | Function | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| sokki | Something happens inevitably because of something. Marks the factual reason of an action. | Because it rained, I am wet |
| tamni | Something happens partially because of something. Marks one underlying or partially reason for an action. | I bought this present because of you (for someone else, but you told me about this particular article). |
| lui | Something happens because of or for the sake of something. Marks the reason, justification or incentive of an action. | I bought a present for you. (I needed one to give to you on your birthday). ALso used for referencing legal requirements that lead to one's actions. |
| nijúinde | About or concerning what something is or does. | Also used for areas of responsibilities (e.g. courts) or topics (e.g. museums). |
| kāwaryuzu | Something happens despite a seemingly contrary fact. | |
| nōtomzū | Two or more seemingly contrary things happen at the same time, yet, on the other hand. Stands at the beginning of the second clause. |
Sentence ending
| Particle | Function | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| lin | Question, used both for polar (yes/no) and open questions. | |
| mon | Milder question or uncertain statement when seeking clarification, confirmation or urging the listener to elaborate on the topic. | |
| kue / gue | Direct quote, usually followed by a verb like "say", "tell", "hear" etc. Kue if the final sound of the quote is a vowel, gue if it is a consonant. | |
| dash | Indirect quote, usually followed by a verb like "say", "tell", "hear" etc. | Also classified as a case marker. |
Pronouns and Determiners
Pronouns in Kojolese differ depending on the register used. The degree of nuancedness varies depending on the register, and some pronouns have different meanings in different registers despite being spelled and pronounced the same.
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- here: ai
- this/these (one here) (pronoun; "I like this"): aile
- this/these (one here) (determiner; "I like this book"): amren
- there: kō
- this/these (one there) (pronoun): kōle
- this/these (one there) (determiner): kol
Verb Conjugation and Modal Verbs
Verbs in Kojolese are conjugated in 6 tenses (past, present and future, each with an optional progressive aspect), genera verbi (active and passive), and can be further modified with modal verbs (want, should, let's...). Kojolese is an agglutinative language, meaning verb modifying morphems can be added to the verb indefinitely until the meaning becomes too complicated for even natives to understand.
In the simple present every verb end in -u, for the progressive aspect this becomes -um. The simple past and past progressive are created with -e and -em, the future and the future progressive (only rarely used) are marked with -i and -im respectively. This also applies to modal verbs.
The active mood is unmarked. The most common way to express passiveness in a larger sentence is to use the (transitive) verb in a noun modifying clause before the respective noun. For example, odamishe tsuri fa toidaebu would mean "the sold flower blooms"/"the flower, that was sold, blooms". The modal verb o.rau was used to turn every verb into the passive form, with the final -u of the verb changing to an "o" (unless there is another vowel before the final -u, then the bridge vowel is not needed). This can indicate passive mood without changing the word order, however in modern Kojolese that is usually perceived as archaic use of language. In passive sentences where in Ingerish the objective of the speaker is to leave out the subject, the subject can simply be omitted in Kojolese and the thing the action is being done to is still marked with the direct subject marker SUM. The sentence "Yaesh sum byoeltsi" would mean "I will be killed", or literally "something (omitted) will kill me".
Verb forms (including modal verbs) can all be negated with the modal verb (u).rau. Where the negation(s) take place in the chains of main verb and modal verbs is very important to the meaning; for example, mish.rai.sau (buy.not.want) means "I don't want to BUY", but mishi.sa.rau (buy.want.not) means "I don't WANT to buy" (but I NEED to/was FORCED to...).
Modal verbs follow the verb they modify, and can build long chains. In the standard form, the modal verb overwrites the tense of the main verb. When it is important to retain the past or future tense of the main verb, the tenses themselves need to be expressed by another modal verb in between the main verb and the following modal verbs. These tense markers are the origin of the modern (shortened) tense forms. In Rikaikishi it is necessary to always use the modal verb form for the past and future tenses when adding modal verbs after the verb, and use the plain form strictly for the present tense. The present progressive aspect is lost in these cases and needs to be emphasized with marker words such as "right now".
Modal verbs usually consist of one or two syllables, and change the last syllable of the predecessor depending on the syllable structure. There are three ways the final syllable(s) of a verb (including modal verbs themselves) can look like:
- M-u (the final u finishes off a syllable starting with a versatile consonant) (Type 1)
- F-u (the final u finishes off a syllable starting with a fixed consonant) (Type 2)
- -V-u (the -u stands alone after a syllable ending in a vowel) (Type 3)
FC=fixed cons., can only stand at beginning; M=Versatile cons.; V=Vowel
Depending on the types above, modal verbs might simply change the -u to another vowel, keep the -u, or attach themselves to the stem (e.g. leave out the bridge vowel completely).
i.sau - to want á.u - to can o.myu - to try e.kkyu- must ("soft"; in order for something else) -must ("hard"; under any condition) (u).rau - NOT; U only when there is a fixed consonant before final -u, e.g. syllable needs to be completed. ue.meru - begin -.ngu - to end i.salnu- shall, is supposed to, imperative in K.I. o.rau - passive
To be
For nouns and adjectives, the verb "to be" usually does most of the inflection such as tense marking, negating etc. that are not done by the particles (which can express a wide range of aspects such as possessiveness, reasoning or change). Like in Ingerish, "to be" can also indicate existence or location. The following table gives an overview over the several translations of "to be" in Kojolese, depending on the registry and the use as a copula.
| Copula "X is Y" |
Location "X is there/exists" | |
|---|---|---|
| T.I. | linaé(lu) usually omitted | |
| K.I. | ku | uru |
| R.I. | nambu | |
Affixes
Affixes are used to create compound words with a more nuanced meaning compared to the base word. Unlike Particles, they do not influence the grammatical but the contentual function of a word and are not separated by a space mark. They can be added after (suffix) or before (prefix) the base word.
Changing word class
To From
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Verb | Noun | Adjective |
|---|---|---|---|
| Verb | - | root (sometimes full verb)+-doen/-molno/-sói/-hīchon...: standard nominalisation stem+sha/cha: "doer" only stem: used for set expressions or noun phrases |
-u/e/i.mfel (not to be confused with Ingerish -ing or -ed form, usually carries different meaning than equivalent simple noun-modifying clause ("analytical" instead of "analysing") |
| Noun | -yu/-shu turns noun into action most commonly associated; actor -> to act To make something <noun>; large array of affixes and prefixes, see below the table ... |
- | -daeki creates common adjective ... ... |
| Adjective | to make something <adjective>: -ku/-jaeyu/-yōnshu to become <adjective>: PH. |
-msol/-sol creates common noun: liberal<ism> sha/cha a person that is... |
- |
verb root: drop the final syllable
verb stem: drop the final u when preceding consonant can be put at the end of a syllable, otherwise change u to i (then identical to future tense).
Negating
While verbs, most importantly "to be", are negated using a modal verb o.rau, nouns, adjectives and determiners can also be negated using the suffix -bu (including the hyphen "-"). This is only used when using a negated verb would be ambiguous ("Toicho hyenglai kanglorau" means "all trains don't stop" while "Toicho-bu hyenglai kanglu" means "Not all trains stop") or for literary purposes, usually when negating nouns ("mā-bu ku" does not simply mean "not to be a human", but rather "to be an un-human" or "to be inhumane").
Place names
- -alkai mining association/union
- -chae added to aforementioned suffixes to create the general word for village, city etc.
- -chi market
- -gwo valley, side of a mountain slide
- -kō pit, mine entrance
- -kwen bath, spa town
- -nai rock, mountain
- -nain mountains, mountain chain
- -mol massif
- -rū valley, plain between to mountains
- -sul town, city
- -tsūm like -dom in dukedom, kingdom etc
- -uel village
Streets
- -roekka bypass, through-pass
- -tyambun planned street running orthogonal to purposeful axis
- -tyam'mi planned scenic park-avenue, usually with trees and visual axis
- -daitō large representative boulevard
- -kesha major road
- -toku neighbourhood road
- -michi common street
- -sol path, old trade route
- -tsu narrow alley
- -kal (race) track
- sal large representative ring road
Qualitative
- zóng(shin)- central (main)
- shi- central (region)
- shad-(vowel) / shadd-(syllable with versatile cons./h, cons. replaced by dd) / sha-(syllables with fixed cons., fixed cons. doubled) far
- dō- regional
- ta- large, big, major, of a different scale
- ko- small, minor
- hakk-/hang/, (-vowel/w->y/y, -consonant) special, out of the ordinary, unusual
- sō-/sōf (-cons., -vowel) ordinary, normal, usual, general
- soém/soémi (-vowel.,-cons.) semi-, half, hybrid
- bol- all, overview
- miji- inter-
- bué- intra-
- tein- trans-
- sochi- out of, foreign
- arha- first, starting point (arhazi, arhawe)
- nakkō- prior (nakkōzi, nakkōwe)
- a'-(cons.) / ā-(w, y) / apy-(vowel) next, subsequent(ajji, azi, āwe)
- baélj-(vowel) / baél- last ending point(baélzi, baélwe)
- icch- inwards, impact, to (be) hit, arrivals
- hyoel- to buy, to win for one's side
- ota-/oda- to let go/give away/to loosen
- maekk- outward, to go away/to flee/to depart
- oso- like Ingerish re-, "again" or "back"
- saekk- / sae-(dbl. cons.) to go on, continue, to not end
- tsi- same, identical, self-loving, self-referential, ...
- dué- contrasting, different, oppo-site, oppo-nent, ...
Noun specifiers and generalizers
- -chē line, usually public transport, or railway
- -sha creates a profession etc. from a noun or sometimes from a verb: Demomínzu<sha> -> Democracy<crat>
- -saē -fare, as in shipfare, airfare; -layer/-level, as in federal level, surface layer
- -saē planet, star
- -lai -craft as in aircraft, motorcraft
- -ka palace, residency (archaic)
- -ka study of something, -ology
- -kai meeting, assembly
- -kaso research institute
- -kanú shop
- -díso place, site (construction site etc.)
- -gyu area, site (industrial/commercial area, landuse etc.)
- -gwo plant, as in "power plant", or work, as in "waterworks"
- -we generic building, example: hyosilwe, office building; Gēshusamnengwe, Opera house; Yínyuē-Taitaiwe, theatre
- -zan (holi)day
- -zi some type of public transportation, usually rail: Chezi, Norikichezi, Dōzi, Dyanchezi
- -zoku group/class/family of something
Adjective comparators
- fae(r)- more, -er (more beautiful, larger); usually used when following adjective gets further agglutinated to a different word class
- mondo(-) more, -er (more beautiful, larger)